Given a sphere, you can slice through the surface of the sphere to make different convex polyhedra. All of these convex polyhedra have the Euler characteristic which can be defined as follows:

x = V - E + F = 2

where V represents the number of vertices, E the number of edges and F the number of faces on a convex polyhedron.

Input

Begins with the number of test cases t (1 ≤ t ≤ 100). Each test case consists of a single line with two space-separated integers V and E (4 ≤ V, E ≤ 100), representing the number of vertices and edges respectively of the convex polyhedron.

Output

For each test case, print on a single line the number of faces in the defined polyhedron.